CUT THE MIDDLEMAN UNITY SERIES
Prior work: This paper is the fourth instalment in a series of studies, which builds upon previous work that examined the entrepreneurship discipline, amongst its subsects female entrepreneurship, ethnic minority entrepreneurship and the long established, continual gender debate (Marlow 1997 Bruni et al., 20 Jones 2010 2012 Narayanasamy et al., 2011 Pathak et al. From this, a theoretical framework was developed through which two categories are derived, with several variables. This paper examines how society can be a facilitator yet also a barrier for female social housing residents in forming the third step of a tailored entrepreneurship support program delivered by the housing association to its female housing residents. The paper provide guidelines to make the appropriate social and regulatory interventions needed to eradicate racial discrimination and institutional barriers to stimulate immigrant entrepreneurship in these countries.Īim: Understanding entrepreneurship support as a key component to fostering entrepreneurial activity amongst female social housing residents, this paper forms part of further research carried out within Balsall Heath, Birmingham, UK. The results highlight that adopting an ethnic enclave strategy by lending the social capital and access to an “acquainted mentor,” usually from the first-wave entrepreneurs, has been the key success factor for the start-up, survival, and growth of the second- and third-wave immigrant businesses.
The typology presented distinguishes the first wave, the older generation, as “pushed-displaced,” the second wave of the mid-aged generation as “pulled-transnational,” and the third wave of recent graduates and mid-career professionals as “pushed-frustraters.” The findings revealed the raison d’être for cross-national embeddedness variation in the host country’s economic, social, and institutional contexts, and individuals’ experiences of racial discrimination and exclusion. “Three waves” of migrant entrepreneurs were identified based on their demographics, periods of migration, levels of education, access to social and financial resources, and the impact of the host country’s social and institutional structures. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 52 immigrant Punjabi-Pakistani entrepreneurs who started businesses in immigrant enclaves in the UK, Denmark, and Norway. This paper makes a seminal contribution to the ethnic entrepreneurship literature by analyzing the journeys of a single migrant community across three ethnic enclaves in three host-nation contexts.
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